Oral Cancer
Oral (mouth) cancer is a major neoplasm worldwide for the most head and neck cancers. It is caused by growth of cancerous tissues in the oral cavity causing sore that doesn't heal, a lump or small tumor with white or red patch inside of the mouth. The annual incidence of new cases exceeds 300,000 and disease causes great morbidity with five-year survival rate of less than 50 percent. This rate has not improved in more than two decades. Risk factors include heavy tobacco use, heavy alcohol intake andhuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Treatment of Oral cancer includes surgery and radiation and sometimes chemotherapy can be used as well.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the diagnosis, surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and aesthetic aspects of Oral cavity. Surgeons mainly focus on treating problems related to the hard and soft tissues of the face, mouth, and jaws including fractures of Jaws and Facial Bones of the tissues of oral and maxillofacial region. Treatment includes Tooth extractions, Corrective Jaw (Orthognathic) surgery, Cleft lip /palate surgery and diagnosis and treatment of some oral cancers.
Endodontics
Endodontics has evolved tremendously in the past few decades and its applications have immensely improved the quality of dental treatment. It is the branch of dentistry which deals with the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment along with associated periradicular conditions of diseases of the dental pulp (soft tissue), usually by eradication of the nerve and some other tissue of the pulp cavity and its replacement with suitable filling material. Treatment includes pulp canal therapy; root canal therapy. Endodontic Therapy or Root canal therapy is probably the most common treatment performed by an endodontist. It may be needed when the tooth’s pulp is infected—often as a result of untreated tooth decay or a traumatic dental injury.
Orthodontics
Orthodontics is the area of dentistry that prevents, diagnoses, treats dental and facial irregularities and periodontal diseases. It also includes correction of teeth and jaws that are positioned improperly. Inherited malocclusions include jaw growth problems, congenitally extra teeth, missing teeth, crowded and protruded teeth and spacing problems of teeth and certain types of dental disease can also result in a need for orthodontic treatment. Treatment includes Braces, Aligners, Jaw repositioning appliances, Lip and cheek bumpers, Palatal expander, Headgear. The benefits of orthodontic treatment include a healthier mouth, a more pleasing appearance, and teeth that are more likely to last a lifetime.
Cosmetic Dentistry
Smart materials innovation improves energy harvesting. A new type of smart materials with Cosmetic surgery includes nonsurgical and surgical procedures which enhance and reshape structures of the body to improve appearance and confidence. The procedures, techniques, and principles of cosmetic surgery mainly focused on enhancing and improving aesthetic appeal, symmetry, and proportion are the main goals. Cosmetic surgery can be performed on all areas of the head, neck, and body. Because the treated areas function properly, cosmetic surgery is elective. Cosmetic surgery is practiced by doctors from a variety of medical fields, including plastic surgeons. The scope of cosmetic surgery procedures includes Breast Enhancement, facial Contouring, body Contouring.
Periodontics or Periodontology
Periodontology or periodontics is the field of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, diseases and conditions that affect them. The tissues supporting teeth are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament. A person who practices this specialty is known as a periodontist. A periodontist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal disease, and in the placement of dental implants. Periodontists are also experts in the treatment of oral inflammation. Treatment includes Non-Surgical Treatments, Gum Graft Surgery, Laser Treatment, Regenerative Procedures, Dental Crown Lengthening, Dental Implants, Pocket Reduction Procedures, Plastic surgery procedures.
Oral and Dental Health
Dental hygiene or oral hygiene is the process of maintaining proper dental care to avoid oral health problems. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (bad breath) by regular brushing and cleaning between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental diseases. Some of the procedures to avoid health problems caused by improper oral hygiene are Proper Tooth brushing twice a day, Flossing and Dentures, retainers, and other appliances must be kept extremely clean.
Oral Surgery
Oral and maxillofacial surgery helps in treating many injuries, diseases and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Oral surgery treats a wide range of diseases and conditions, like Tooth loss, Wisdom teeth extraction, Dental Implants, Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), Unequal jaw growth (malocclusion), Jaw/mouth/teeth injury, Cleft lip and cleft palate repair, Extraction of teeth, Treatment of endodontal diseases, Esthetic aspects of the oral and maxillofacial regions, Adjunctive treatments. Thus it helps in providing aid to oral health and hygiene.
Dry Mouth & Mouth Ulcers
When enough saliva is not produced, the mouth gets dry and uncomfortable. This condition is called Dry mouth. It can cause discomfort, affect speech, swallowing, bad breath, increase bacteria in the mouth and cause tooth decay in the long term. This condition can be caused by various factors like effects of certain medications, side effect of certain medical treatments, damage to the salivary glands, and unhealthy lifestyle e.g. Smoking or chewing tobacco. Mouth ulcers are painful sores that appear in the mouth. Although they're uncomfortable, they're usually harmless and most heals up in a short span of time.
Dental Public health
Dental Public Health (DPH) is that field of dentistry which provides expertise in oral health surveillance, population-based dentistry, policy development, community-based disease prevention and health promotion, and the maintenance of the dental safety. DPH bear the responsibility of assuring optimal oral health. Dental Public Health has been defined in many ways, like "the science and the art of preventing and controlling disease and promoting dental health through organized community efforts" to "a non-clinical specialty of dentistry involved in the analysing dental health needs and upgrading the dental health of populations rather than individuals.
Forensic Dentistry or Odontology
Forensic dentistry or odontology is trait of forensic science which deals with the application of dental science in the identification of human remains and bite marks in the victims of major catastrophes, such as natural disasters, airplane crashes, and terrorist activities unknown. Odontology includes use both physical and biological dental evidence to solve a number of medicolegal problems, including identifying human remains that result from crimes, terroristic activities, and natural disasters. Bite mark analysis is often used in violent crimes, such as assault, rape and homicide. It may also help in analysing collected trace salivary evidence that is used for DNA profiling and matching. Forensic dentistry may also conduct injury analysis on dental injuries as a result of physical neglect in children, adults, and the elderly.
Restorative Dentistry
Restorative dentistry is the study of dentistry which involves in diagnosis and integrated management of diseases of the oral cavity, teeth and its supporting structures. It includes the recuperation of the teeth and oral cavity to psychological, functional and aesthetic requirements of the patient. Restorative dentistry includes the dental specialties of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics and its development is based upon the interaction of these specialties in cases requiring complex and multi-faceted care. Restorative Dentistry includes procedures like dental bridges, dental crowns, dental fillings, dental implants, dentures, full-mouth reconstruction, gum disease inlays and onlays, root canal and TMJ treatment.
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric dentistry refers to the oral health of children from infancy through the adolescence. Early oral examination aids in the detection of the early stages of tooth decay. Early detection of oral problems is essential to maintain modify aberrant habits, oral health, and treat as needed and as fast as possible. This branch of dentistry helps in diagnosing oral diseases and promoting oral health such as cleanings and fluoride treatments and disease prevention. Sometimes it also helps in fixing dental injuries, including fractured, displaced, and knocked out teeth.
Prosthosdontics
Prosthodontics is a branch of dentistry which deals with the restoration of a beautiful smile, in other words, it deals with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and other oral structures by artificial devices. Prosthodontics procedures include the usage of Bridges, Crowns/Caps, Dental implants dentures and Veneers. Patient make it clear that demand for prosthodontics will continue to increase in the coming decades.
Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
Oral Pathology or Oral medicine is a science that investigates the causes, processes, and effects of disease in oral and maxillofacial regions. The practice of oral pathology includes research and diagnosis of diseases using clinical, radiographic, microscopic, biochemical, or other examinations. It is important to note that the oral diseases are a common public health issues worldwide with significant socio-economic impacts. Global burden of the Oral diseases may increase significantly if the science of oral pathology fails to emerge to tackle the oral diseases, which remains a major public health burden worldwide.
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